Use a slicing blade of a food processor or a sharp knife to prepare the cauliflower in thin slices.
Heat 1 tbsp olive oil over medium heat in a large oven-proof pan (such as cast iron or stainless steel).
Cook sausage, breaking up with spoon until browned around edges, 5-6 minutes.
Add garlic, onion, and 1 tsp thyme and cook about 5 minutes until onions are translucent.
Add farro, cauliflower, and broth and bring to a boil. Reduce heat and simmer, stirring occasionally, until farro is tender, 28-30 minutes.
Stir in beans then season to taste with salt and pepper.
Combine panko with remaining tsp oil and thyme, then toss with Parmesan; sprinkle over bean mixture.
Heat broiler. Broil until golden brown and bubbling around edges, 2-3 minutes.